Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was a Persian polymath who made significant contributions to various fields including astronomy, mathematics, geography, anthropology, and pharmacology. Born in Khwarezm (present-day Uzbekistan), he studied in Baghdad and later traveled extensively, conducting research and learning from scholars across the Islamic world. Al-Biruni's most notable works include "Kitab al-Jamahir fi Marifat al-Jawahir" (Book of Precious Stones) in mineralogy, "Kitab al-Tafhim" (Book of Instruction) in astronomy, and "Kitab al-Qanun al-Mas'udi" (The Mas'udi Canon) in pharmacology. His groundbreaking astronomical observations and calculations were instrumental in advancing the understanding of celestial phenomena. Al-Biruni's comprehensive approach to knowledge and his commitment to empirical observation established him as one of the greatest scholars of the Islamic Golden Age. His works continued to be studied and revered for centuries, influencing both Eastern and Western scholarship.